# For Loops & Iterators

Nim has first class iterators and syntax to use them, for loops. The continue and break keywords also work inside of for loops. There are two kinds of iterator, and two special methods that for loops work with.

## items and pairs

When iterating over an object with one item, Nim will call an iterator called items with the first parameter the type you want to iterate over. The same thing happens when iterating with two items, but in that case, the pairs iterator is called.

type
CustomRange = object
low: int
high: int

iterator items(range: CustomRange): int =
var i = range.low
while i <= range.high:
yield i
inc i

iterator pairs(range: CustomRange): tuple[a: int, b: char] =
for i in range:  # uses CustomRange.items
yield (i, char(i + ord('a')))

for i, c in CustomRange(low: 1, high: 3):
echo c
$nim c -r items_pair.nim b c d ## Operators Iterators can also be operators in the standard way, with the name enclosed in backticks. For example, the standard library defines the slice iterator, which allows iterating through ordinal types. # Give it a different name to avoid conflict iterator ...*[T](a: T, b: T): T = var res: T = T(a) while res <= b: yield res inc res for i in 0...5: echo i $ nim c -r operatoriterator.nim
0
1
2
3
4
5

## Inline Iterators

Inline iterators basically take the body of the for loop and inline it into the iterator. This means that they do not have any overhead from function calling, but if carelessly created may increase code size dramatically.

iterator countTo(n: int): int =
var i = 0
while i <= n:
yield i
inc i

for i in countTo(5):
echo i
$nim c -r ./inline_iter.nim 0 1 2 3 4 5 ## Closure Iterators Closure iterators hold on to their state and can be resumed at any time. The finished() function can be used to check if there are any more elements available in the iterator, however raw iterator usage is unintuitive and difficult to get right. proc countTo(n: int): iterator(): int = return iterator(): int = var i = 0 while i <= n: yield i inc i let countTo20 = countTo(20) echo countTo20() var output = "" # Raw iterator usage: while true: # 1. grab an element let next = countTo20() # 2. Is the element bogus? Its the end of the loop, discard it if finished(countTo20): break # 3. Loop body goes here: output.add($next & " ")

echo output

output = ""
let countTo9 = countTo(9)
for i in countTo9():
output.add($i) echo output $ nim c -r ./closure_iter.nim
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
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